Summary: The overall objective of this proposal is to identify newly developed rootstocks for commercially important pear cultivars in the Pacific Northwest that will be planted in a COS 2015 orchard. Selected rootstocks must be adaptable to future orchard systems and increase profitability to growers. These rootstocks must be adapted to a fruiting wall, produce early at a sustained high yield, produce large fruit, and be a compact tree that exhibits growth characteristics that are horticulturally beneficial. They must also have resistance to important diseases, pests, and environmental stresses.