Summary: The objectives of this project were: 1. Develop a dose-mortality bioassay method for insect growth regulators (IGRs) and other new insecticides to establish baseline toxicity data for codling moth and leafroller. 2. Develop discriminating concentrations for key insecticides. 3. Use molecular methods as a tool for early detection of resistance development in leafrollers and codling moth. 4. Evaluate levels of resistance in leafroller populations from orchards suspected of having resistance issues with insecticides. 5. Characterize any cross-resistance in leafrollers between old and new insecticides. 6. Evaluate new insecticides for control of codling moth and leafrollers in field tests.
